AEROMEXICO & TAM ANNOUNCE CODE-SHARE AGREEMENT
April 16, 2012
Two of the most important airlines in Latin America will be working together to offer passengers the best possible product.
Mexico City, Mexico. April 16th 2012.- Aeromexico, Mexico’s global airline, announced today that it signed a codeshare agreement with Brazilian airline TAM Airlines to operate flights between Mexico City and Sao Paulo, as well as connections to domestic destinations in both Brazil and Mexico. The agreement will benefit passengers by offering better schedules and connections, starting April 23rd.
The agreement gives passengers traveling from Mexico City to Sao Paulo the opportunity to connect to Rio de Janeiro, Salvador, Brasilia, Fortaleza, Belo Horizonte, Florianopolis, Curitiba, Recife, and Porto Alegre, as well as the over 43 destinations within TAM Airlines’ extensive network of domestic routes.
Meanwhile, under this agreement, passengers traveling from Sao Paulo can connect to destinations such as Acapulco, Leon, Ciudad Obregon, Cancun, Guadalajara, Monterrey, Poza Rica, Los Cabos, Veracruz, or to any of the other 40 cities in Aeromexico’s domestic network of flights.
This agreement allows Aeromexico to strengthen its presence in Brazil, one of the most important countries in Latin America for both the business and in tourism. For passengers from Brazil, the airline’s hub in Mexico City also represents an option to use Aeromexico’s extensive network of routes to the United States, Canada, Europe and Asia.
Boeing Receives Official Certificates for 787 World Records
March 1, 2012
EVERETT, Wash., Feb. 28, 2012 /PRNewswire/ — Jonathan Gaffney, president and CEO of the National Aeronautic Association, presented Boeing (NYSE: BA) with two certificates confirming the official status of the two world records earned by the 787 Dreamliner in late 2011.
The airplane earned records for completing the longest flight for an airplane in its weight class (440,924 to 551,155 lbs.) with a 10,336 nmi (19,142 km) flight to Dhaka, Bangladesh. This record had previously been held by the Airbus A330 with a 9,126 nmi (16,901 km) flight in 2002.
Following refueling in Dhaka, the crew continued eastbound and returned to Seattle 42 hours and 26 minutes after their initial departure, completing the fastest around-the-world trip for the same weight class at 470 knots (871 km/h). There was no previous around-the-world speed record for this weight class.
Jim Albaugh, president and CEO of Boeing Commercial Airplanes, welcomed Gaffney to an informal ceremony in Everett attended by more than 2,000 employees.
“These world records demonstrate what we have been saying about the 787 all along – it is a world-class product. The airlines told us they wanted an airplane that was fuel-efficient, durable and capable,” said Albaugh. “That’s what we are delivering with the Dreamliner.”
Gaffney told employees, “Around-the-world records are extremely challenging, and Boeing should be very proud of the successful world and national records they achieved with these flights. We were proud to have had the opportunity to record and certify them.”
He presented the certificates to two of the six pilots who flew the record-setting missions. Capt. Rod Skaar led the crew, which included former 787 chief pilot Capt. Mike Carriker.
“It’s an honor to receive these certificates on behalf of all of the men and women of The Boeing Company,” said Skaar. “It takes an amazing amount of talent and perseverance to create an all-new airplane. A lucky few of us get to fly the airplane. We are always well aware that we are carrying the pride of the entire company as we go.”
LAN AIRLINES CONDUCTED THE FIRST FLIGHT IN LATIN AMERICA OPERATED ENTIRELY WITH A MODERN SATELLITE NAVEGATION SYSTEM
February 23, 2012
- Cutting edge technology cuts the flight time and helps to significantly reduce CO2 emissions and environmental noise.
Lima, February 23, 2012- The emblematic Cusco-Lima route was chosen to perform, for the first time in Latin America, a flight that used from takeoff to landing a satellite navigation system called RNP (Required Navigation Performance). This is undoubtedly a milestone in commercial aviation in the region that was made possible thanks to The Green Skies of Peru project, driven by LAN, GE Aviation, DGAC of Peru and CORPAC.
The RNP system utilizes the ability of the advanced avionics of modern aircraft supported by a satellite guide. This allows for more precise navigation; operating safely in low visibility conditions, avoiding delays and flight cancellations; defining shorter paths and more efficient approaches; which results ultimately in less fuel consumption and remarkably reduced CO2 emissions and environmental noise.
In the case of the Cusco-Lima flight made today with the RNP system, it was possible to shorten the route by 30.5 km, which meant a reduction of 6.3 minutes of flight time. This efficient performance saved 67.5 gallons of fuel and 644 kilograms less of CO2 were emitted into the environment. It is estimated that when fully implemented, it will bring savings to all operators in the Lima airport 1,700 flight hours and a reduction of 11,000 metric tons of CO2 emissions to the environment.
RNP operations have been used by LAN Peru since 2009 on flights to Cusco and since 2011 on flights to Cajamarca, Arequipa and Juliaca, but in all cases, only for landings. This was the first time this technology is applied to a complete flight from takeoff to landing. It is noteworthy that during the first year of implementation of RNP on the Lima-Cusco route, over 30,000 LAN Peru passengers avoided cancellations or delays on various flights.
The Green Skies of Peru project will contribute to the urgent restructuring of airspace at Jorge Chavez International Airport, offering new routes to make approaches that will increase air traffic capacity, which is reaching its limit.
“PBN programs like this take dedication and teamwork to ensure that benefits are achievable by all stakeholders”, said Giovanni Spitale, general manager of GE Aviation’s PBN Services. “GE is proud to have worked with the passionate teams of LAN, DGAC and CORPAC in order to make this historic flight successful for all involved.”
Mr. Jorge Vilches, CEO of LAN Peru, ensures that “Operational excellence, passenger service and environmental protection are the pillars of our sustainability strategy, as reflected in this initiative. At LAN Peru, we have made a great effort to properly train our pilots, to equip our A319/320 aircraft with state-of-the-art technology, to obtain DGAC approval for these types of operations, and to design and deploy these highly-specialized procedures in collaboration with GE Aviation. This is, undoubtedly, big news for our country, and will be of great benefit to all our passengers.”
Macquarie AirFinance leases two 737-800s to Aerolineas Argentinas
January 26, 2012
DUBLIN, 26 January, 2012 – Macquarie AirFinance, a global aircraft leasing company based in Dublin, Ireland,
today announced that it has delivered two Boeing 737-800 aircraft to Buenos Aires-based operator Aerolineas
Argentinas. The 2001-build aircraft, MSN 30478 and MSN 30750, were delivered to Aerolineas Argentinas on
23 December, 2011 (MSN 30570) and 20 January, 2012 (MSN 30478).
These aircraft will be the first 737-800s to be incorporated into the Argentine flag-carrier’s fleet and will be used
primarily on domestic and regional routes within Latin America. State-owned Aerolineas Argentinas and its
wholly owned subsidiary Austral serve an extensive network of routes within Latin America, North America,
Europe and Australasia operating a fleet of 77 aircraft. Since 2009 Aerolineas Argentinas and Austral have been
implementing a fleet renewal program which targets year 2014 to consolidate a fleet composed of Airbus
A330s/A340s, , Boeing 737NGs and Embraer E190s.
Mariano Recalde, President and CEO / Grupo Aerolíneas Argentinas stated: “The introduction of the B737-800
fleet in Aerolíneas Argentinas represents a significant step forward in an ambitious fleet renewal plan initiated in
2009 and based on the National Government interest to secure strategic airline connectivity in our Country and
between neighboring nations. The Boeing 737-800 contributes to our fleet modernization allowing competitive
operation to high density destinations while providing a higher quality service to our passengers.”
John Willingham, Chief Executive Officer of Macquarie AirFinance, said: “I wish to extend a warm welcome to
our latest customer in the high-growth South American market. We have been involved with the Aerolineas
Argentinas group for several years via our lease with Austral, but these leases are the first direct transactions
between Macquarie AirFinance and Aerolineas Argentinas. We look forward to building on this important
relationship.”
SCAC and Aeroflot sign the Act of Delivery & Acceptance for the SSJ100 MSN 95015
January 23, 2012
January 23, 2012, Moscow – On completion of Technical acceptance procedure, JSC “Sukhoi Civil Aircraft“ (SCAC) and Aeroflot signed today the Act of Delivery & Acceptance for the fifth deliverable Sukhoi Superjet 100 MSN 95015 at Komsomolsk-on-the Amur. The aircraft received the name after the famous Aeroflot’s pilot Dmitry Barilov and the tail number RA-89007.
The document, signed by the parties, states that the aircraft is technically sound and fully meets the performance criteria. The Act of Delivery & Acceptance also confirms that the SSJ100 is transferred to the carrier with a full set of required operational and maintenance documentation and flight kit. The aircraft is ready to start commercial operation on Aeroflot domestic and international route network.
The aircraft is planned to fly from Komsomolsk-on-the Amur to Moscow on January 27, 2012.
ATR: Regional bestseller of 2011 with 157 aircraft sold
January 18, 2012
ATRs are leading the regional market and have become the bestseller for planes with 90 seats or less in 2011
ATR’s 2011 results attest to the structural changes in the regional transport market, making ATRs the new reference in this sector. ATRs represented more than 80% of regional airplane sales in 2011, confirming the domination of turboprop aircraft on regional routes. Their low fuel consumption, combined with comfort and advanced technology are the main reasons for ATR’s success, the first signs of which were felt in 2005.
The regional aircraft manufacturer ATR recorded its best commercial year in 2011, posting firm sales of 157 planes and options for an additional 79 aircraft. These 157 firm sales (13 ATR 42s and 144 ATR 72s) round out the manufacturer’s order book for a record high of 224 aircraft, ensuring 3 years of production, taking into account the production ramp up starting in 2012.
During a press conference held in Paris this morning, Filippo Bagnato, Chief Executive Officer of ATR, said he was “very pleased with the outstanding commercial performance in 2011. Our success is based on our ability to answer to the market requirements. Airlines are increasingly looking for planes that combine the lowest operating costs, cutting-edge technology, comfort and environmental friendliness. In this context, ATRs and particularly our new series of aircraft, the 600, have proven to be the best choice for regional routes in terms of meeting these requirements in regional routes.”
ATR recorded 157 firm orders and 79 options (table 1) with 18 clients worldwide, including 10 new customers. Existing clients have renewed their trust in ATR in order to develop their networks and meet the increase in local traffic. Among its new clients, the majority of ATR aircraft purchased in 2011 will be intended to replace an older fleet of first-generation regional jets or turboprops (non-ATR planes).
Leasing companies represented over 20% of ATR’s sales in 2011, which confirms that ATRs are increasingly attractive to aircraft lessors. Their low operating and maintenance costs, their high standard of comfort, thanks to the new “Armonia” cabin for the -600 series in particular, and a base of approximately 180 ATR operators in 90 countries make them major assets for aircraft leasing companies. ATR’s success has really ramped up in recent years, with half of all orders (totaled over the past 30 years) being recorded since 2005.
Certification of the ATR 72-600 in May 2011, as well as of the associated training tools, enabled the European turboprop manufacturer to introduce new standards of comfort and leading-edge technologies into regional market. Since their entry into service last August, ATR 72-600s have made over 3,000 flights, posting an initial technical reliability of over 99.7%.
ATR delivered 54 aircraft in 2011 (table 2), including 10 ATR 72-600s.
At the end of 2011, the 224 planes on the order books totaled an estimated US$ 5 billion. As a result, ATR will substantially increase its delivery schedule in order to meet the strong demand for ATRs worldwide. ATR plans to deliver over 70 aircraft in 2012 and to increase its deliveries to a minimum of 80 units as of 2013. With the ramp-up of its delivery schedules, ATR should see its turnover, which currently stands at $1.3 billion, reach $2 billion in the near future.
Filippo Bagnato said: “We are currently experiencing a real reversal of the trend in the regional market. Jets with 90 seats or less are gradually losing their place. And he added: “Today, ATR holds 70% of the order book for regional aircraft with 90 seats or less. This success was born of a continuous improvement policy, economic performance and the comfort of our airplanes. Today, this success has led to a remarkable change in the perception of our turboprop aircraft amongst regional airlines and their passengers.”
In 2011, ATR also obtained the expansion of the scope of its environmental certification ISO 14001, thus becoming the first regional aircraft manufacturer to be certified “environmental-friendly” over the entire lifecycle of its planes.
Moreover, the new design of the Armonia cabin for ATR -600s was recognized at the Good Design Awards in Chicago, a worldwide reference for design and technology. The jury recognized the cabin designed by Italian designer Giugiaro for its quality in terms of comfort, ergonomics, innovation and design.
ATR continued to develop its customer support network worldwide with the opening of new pilot training centers in Toronto and Paris. A new center will open in Johannesburg in the very near future. Within its support activities, in 2011 ATR completed the entry into service of the ASTRE program (ATR Spares Total Re-Engineering). This ambitious program has been designed in order to facilitate the development of new customer services and optimized management of the spare parts stock, offering increased responsiveness in terms of customer support. It is also effective in reducing the immobilization time of aircraft for maintenance, repair and overhaul.
Volaris and Airbus finalize largest aircraft order in Mexican history
January 12, 2012
First carrier in Mexico to order eco-efficient A320neo aircraft
Mexican low cost carrier Volaris has signed a purchase agreement for 44 eco-efficient Airbus A320 aircraft, comprised of 30 A320neo and 14 A320 aircraft. The order represents the largest single commercial aircraft order ever by an airline in Mexico. Volaris, also the first airline in Mexico to order the A320neo, will announce its engine selections for the aircraft at a later date.
Since starting operations in 2006, Volaris has become one of the top three airlines in Mexico having quickly expanded their network throughout the country and into the United States. The new 44 A320 Family aircraft will more than double the airline’s all-Airbus fleet to support their expansion and fleet renewal plans. The airline currently operates 34 Airbus aircraft and has a backlog of 58, including the aircraft announced today.
“The arrival of the new A320s is great news not only for Volaris and the environment,” said Volaris CEO Enrique Beltranena. “It is good news also for all of our customers. The new airplanes will let us strengthen our low price strategy to benefit a larger number of Mexicans, while their fuel efficiency and reliability will allow our fleet, the youngest in the country, to be even more friendly to the Mexican skies.”
“This order is important – not just as the largest in Mexico’s aviation history – but also insofar as it enhances the already strong Airbus partnership with one of the leading airlines in that country,” said John Leahy, Chief Operating Officer, Customers. “In addition, Volaris will become among the first airlines in Latin America to benefit from the A320neo’s increased capabilities, including a 15 percent reduction in fuel burn and emissions.”
Over 8,200 A320 Family aircraft have been ordered and nearly 5,000 delivered to some 340 customers and operators worldwide reaffirming its position as the world’s best-selling single-aisle aircraft family. The A320neo has over 95 percent airframe commonality making it an easy fit into existing fleets while offering up to 500 nautical miles (950 kilometres) more range or two tonnes more payload at a given range.
The A320neo is a new engine option for the A320 Family entering into service from 2015 and incorporates latest generation engines and large “Sharklet” wing tip devices, which together will deliver 15 percent in fuel savings. The reduction in fuel burn is equivalent to 1.4 million litres of fuel – the consumption of 1,000 mid size cars, saving 3,600 tonnes of C02 per aircraft per year. The A320neo NOx emissions are 50% below CAEP/6, while this aircraft also has considerably a smaller noise footprint.
Aeroflot’s Sukhoi Superjet 100 aircraft starts to serve international routes
December 5, 2011
Aeroflot’s Sukhoi Superjet 100 aircraft starts to serve international routes
December 5 2011, Moscow – The Sukhoi Superjet 100 aircraft (RA 89002, MSN 95010) in operation with Aeroflot Russian Airlines performed a flight SU391/392 on route Moscow – Oslo – Moscow, marking the beginning of the scheduled services of the airline’s international destinations by aircraft of this type. It is expected that this year Aeroflot’s SSJ100 aircraft will also fly to Budapest.
“The fact that the SSJ100 started to serve international routes of Aeroflot reflects the confidence of the airline in the reliability of our aircraft. We believe that the SSJ100 aircraft will efficiently serve both international and domestic routes of Aeroflot and will do our best to make sure that the growing fleet of SSJ100 meets the expectations of the airline”, noted Vladimir Prisyazhnyuk, President of JSC “Sukhoi Civil Aircraft”.
Aeroflot currently operates three SSJ100 aircraft which serve routes from Moscow to St. Petersburg, Nizhny Novgorod, Yekaterinburg, Ufa, Astrakhan, Chelyabinsk, Kazan, Anapa, Perm and Minsk. On December 4 these aircraft started to serve international routes of the airline. Aeroflot’s operations confirm that the aircraft is able to serve efficiently regional routes with the high frequency of departure.
Aeroflot’s Sukhoi Superjet 100 fleet performs 1,000 commercial flights
November 28, 2011
November 25 2011, Moscow – Aeroflot’s Sukhoi Superjet 100 fleet accumulated 1,000 commercial flights. The jubilee flight SU824 was performed by the aircraft named after Mikhail Vodopyanov (RA 89003, MSN 95008) on route St Petersburg – Moscow on November 23, 2011. The SSJ100 fleet of Aeroflot scored nearly 1,600 flight hours.
“The one- thousandth commercial flight performed by Aeroflot’s SSJ100 fleet confirms the superior operational performance of our aircraft. We see that the SSJ100 is becoming an excellent tool for the development of the Aeroflot regional network. We will do our best to make sure that the growing fleet of SSJ100 meets the expectations of the airline”, noted Vladimir Prisyazhnyuk, President of JSC “Sukhoi Civil Aircraft”.
Aeroflot currently operates three SSJ100 aircraft which serve routes from Moscow to St. Petersburg, Nizhny Novgorod, Yekaterinburg, Ufa, Astrakhan, Chelyabinsk, Kazan and Minsk. These aircraft will also start to serve international routes of the airline this year. Aeroflot’s operations confirm that the aircraft is able to serve efficiently regional routes with the high frequency of departure.
Sukhoi Superjet 100 (SSJ100) is a 100 seat regional jet designed, developed and built by Sukhoi Civil Aircraft Company (SCAC), in partnership with Alenia Aeronautica. On May 19th 2008 SSJ100 successfully accomplished its first flight. The Sukhoi Superjet 100 cruises at a Maximum Operating Speed of Mach 0.81 and 40,000 feet. It takes off from a 1,731 meters runway in the basic range and 2,052 meters in the long range. The operating range for the basic version is 3,048 km and 4,578 km for the long range version. In February 2011, the SSJ100 obtained the Type Certificate by the Russian Certification Authority IAC AR. The EASA certification is expected to follow in 2011. On April 19th 2011 first production SSJ100 was delivered to Armavia airlines (Armenia). There are currently four SSJ100s in service with Armavia and Aeroflot.
ALTA Announces 2011 Award Winners
November 18, 2011
–Federico Bloch Award Goes to David Neeleman, Chairman, Azul Linhas Aéreas Brasileiras —
— Rolim Amaro Award Presented to EMBRAER–
RIO DE JANEIRO, BRAZIL (November 18, 2011) – ALTA, the Latin America and Caribbean Air Transport Association, hosted its annual awards ceremony during the 8th Annual ALTA Airline Leaders Forum in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil recognizing those who have significantly contributed to the region’s commercial aviation industry.
More than 500 guests, including more than 40 airline CEO’s, residents and Board Members, as well as, civil aviation authorities, among other key industry executives, gathered for the yearly awards event hosted at the Windsor Barra Hotel. The 2011 ALTA awards ceremony was sponsored by Airbus.
Federico Bloch Award
David Neeleman, Chairman of Azul Linhas Aéreas Brasileiras, was presented with the prestigious 2011 Federico Bloch Award, which is bestowed upon a leader in Latin America and Caribbean aviation who best exemplifies the leadership, courage, character and vision of TACA’s visionary, late CEO Federico Bloch. The Award was presented by Jacqueline Laffite de Bloch, widow Federico Bloch.
The Federico Bloch Award is managed by leading executive search consulting firm Spencer Stuart and the winner is voted on by an independent panel of five judges, including:
Fernando Pinto, President of TAP Air Portugal and ex-President of Varig
Alfonso Pasquel, Chief Operating Officer of DESC S.A. and ex-President of AeroMexico
Enrique Borgo Bustamante, ex-President of TACA and ex-Vice President of El Salvador.
Bobby Booth, Chairman of AvGroup
Mark Pilling, Publisher of Airline Business magazine
“Azul is a company that is dedicated to deliver high quality service and a very human and sympathetic treatment. This is our differential”, said David Neeleman, founder and president of the board of Azul Airlines. “Winning Federico Bloch Leadership award from ALTA – the most remarkable aviation association in Latin America – represents the efforts of 4000 employees that work with passion and efficiency every day. Our airline couldn’t be so successful in only three years if it wasn’t for them. That’s why I want to dedicate this award to my team”.
The Federico Bloch award recognizes outstanding leadership in the advancement and integration of the commercial aviation industry in Latin America and the Caribbean. It is awarded to an individual who launches a successful new business, builds cooperation across the region, introduces progressive business practices, supports the growth of the industry, or someone who goes beyond the call of duty to advance the interests of the aviation industry in Latin America and the Caribbean. The award is in honor of the late Federico Bloch, who was a pioneer in Latin American aviation and part of the driving force behind the creation of Grupo TACA. Bloch, who was a past president of ALTA and a member of its executive committee, was killed April 26, 2004.
The judging panel selected Neeleman for setting industry records, successfully answering market demand and striving to “revolutionize” aviation in Brazil. Azul is now Brazil’s third largest airline. In its first year of operations, Azul transported more than 2.2 million passengers. Azul is reshaping the Brazilian airline market and creating new demand among Brazilians, who normally do not travel by air. Many Azul passengers are first time flyers, and Azul has been successful in addressing Brazil’s expanding middle class.
Prior award recipients have included Matias Campiani, Enrique Beltranena, Pedro Heilbron, Bobby Booth, Mauricio Botelho, Constantino de Oliveira Jr., Enrique Cueto.
Rolim Amaro Award
Brazilian aircraft manufacturer, Embraer was the recipient of this distinguished award. The Rolim Amaro award is named after the great Brazilian aviation leader, CEO and founder of TAM Airlines, Captain Adolfo Rolim Amaro, who introduced his trademark and primary philosophy to commercial aviation: “Focus on the client by offering quality service” and giving all passengers “Red Carpet Treatment”. Those who knew Rolim well can appreciate the very high standards that he established and which are today maintained at TAM, the airline that bears his legacy. It is against those very standards that the ALTA member airlines identify and assess potential Rolim Amaro award recipients.
Mauro Kern, Embraer´s Executive Vice President Engineering & Technology, received the Rolim award, which was presented to him by Maria Claudia and Mauricio Amaro, the children of Rolim Amaro. The Rolim Amaro award is named after the great Brazilian aviation leader, CEO and founder of TAM Airlines, Captain Adolfo Rolim Amaro, who introduced his trademark and primary philosophy to commercial aviation: “Focus on the client by offering quality service” and giving all passengers “Red Carpet Treatment”. Those who knew Rolim well can appreciate the very high standards that he established and which are today maintained at TAM, the airline that bears his legacy. It is against those very standards that the ALTA member airlines identify and assess potential Rolim Amaro award recipients.
“It is a great honor to accept the Rolim Amaro award, through which ALTA recognizes and promotes service excellence from the perspective of the airlines, our clients. For Embraer, it symbolizes the relevance of the continuous and constant efforts of our 17,000 employees to deliver into this market a product with the highest standards and capabilities for doing just that: delivering service excellence.”
The Rolim Amaro Award honors customer service excellence from an airline perspective. Voted on by ALTA’s Executive Committee, this award is presented to the Latin American or Caribbean aviation organization that exhibits the best overall customer service as determined by the airlines who are the users or customers of those organizations. In the past, the award has been presented only to airports. However, starting in 2009, the award was expanded to include other industry players such as air navigation service providers, civil aviation authorities and independent regulators. The criteria was also expanded to include not only exceptional customer service, but also initiatives or projects that have resulted in a more efficient and/or safer airline industry.
The first annual ALTA Rolim Amaro Award was presented in2005 to SCL Terminal Aéreo (Santiago de Chile). In 2006, it was presented to Tocumén Internacional (Panamá), in 2007 SCL Terminal Aéreo (Santiago de Chile), in 2009 to AMAIT Administradora Mexiquense del Aeropuerto Internacional deToluca, S.A. de C.V and in 2010 to TALMA, an airport services provider in Peru.
As one of the fastest growing aircraft manufacturers, Embraer is recognized for playing a key role in the growth of the industry not only in Brazil but other countries in the region. The 41-year old company is recognized worldwide for its versatility and use of cutting-edge technologies. In recent years, the company has successfully expanded across borders with operations in China, France, Singapore, Portugal and the U.S. The characteristics of the Embraer fleet have significantly improved the efficiencies of airlines in medium haul flights without compromising the passenger experience.
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